The Albany Plan of Union

The Albany Plan of Union was an early proposal to organize the British-held American colonies under a single central government. While independence from Great Britain was not its intent, the Albany Plan represented the first officially-endorsed proposal to organize the American colonies under a single, centralized government. The Albany Congress While it was never implemented, the Albany Plan was adopted on July 10, 1754, by the Albany Congress, a convention attended by representatives of seven of the thirteen American colonies. The colonies of Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire sent colonial commissioners to the Congress. The British government itself had ordered the Albany Congress to meet in response to a failed series of negotiations between New York’s colonial government and the Mohawk Indian nation, then a part of the larger Iroquois Confederation. Ideally, the British Crown hoped the Albany Congress would result in a treaty between the colonial governments and the Iroquois clearly spelling out a policy of colonial-Indian cooperation. Sensing the certainty of the looming French and Indian War, the British considered the cooperation of the Iroquois to be essential should the colonies be threatened by the conflict. While a treaty with the Iroquois may have been their primary assignment, the colonial delegates also discussed other matters, like forming a union. Benjamin Franklin’s Plan of Union Long before the Albany Convention, plans to centralize the American colonies into a â€Å"union† had been circulated. The most vocal proponent of such a union of colonial governments was Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, who had shared his ideas for a union with several of his colleagues. When he learned of the coming Albany Congress convention, Franklin published the famous â€Å"Join, or Die† political cartoon in his newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette. The cartoon illustrates the need for a union by comparing the colonies to separated pieces of a snake’s body. As soon as he was selected as Pennsylvania’s delegate to the Congress, Franklin published copies of what he called his â€Å"short hints towards a scheme for uniting the Northern Colonies† with the support of the British Parliament. Indeed, the British government at the time did consider that placing the colonies under closer, centralized supervision would be advantageous to the Crown by making it easier to control them from afar. In addition, a growing number of colonists agreed with the need to organize in order to better defend their common interests. After convening on June 19, 1754, the delegates to the Albany Convention voted to discuss the Albany Plan for Union on June 24. By June 28, a union subcommittee presented a draft plan to the full Convention. After extensive debate and amendment, a final version was adopted on July 10. Under the Albany Plan, the combined colonial governments, except for those of Georgia and Delaware, would appoint members of a â€Å"Grand Council,† to be overseen by a â€Å"president General† appointed by the British Parliament. Delaware was excluded from the Albany Plan because it and Pennsylvania shared the same governor at the time. Historians have speculated that Georgia was excluded because, being considered a sparsely-populated â€Å"frontier† colony, it would have been unable to contribute equally to the common defense and support of the union. While the convention delegates unanimously approved the Albany Plan, the legislatures of all seven colonies rejected it, because it would have taken away some of their existing powers. Due to the colonial legislatures’ rejection, the Albany Plan was never submitted to the British Crown for approval. However, the British Board of Trade considered and also rejected it. Having already sent General Edward Braddock, along with two commissioners, to take care of Indian relations, the British government believed it could continue to manage the colonies from London. How Albany Plan Government Would Have Worked Had the Albany Plan been adopted, the two branches of government, the Grand Council and the president General, would have worked as a unified government charged with dealing with disputes and agreements between the colonies, as well as regulating colonial relations and treaties with the Indian tribes. In response to the tendency at the time of the colonial governors appointed by the British Parliament to override the colonial legislators chosen by the people, the Albany Plan would have given the Grand Council more relative power than the president General. The plan would have also allowed the new unified government to impose and collect taxes to support its operations and provide for the defense of the union. While the Albany Plan failed to be adopted, many of its elements formed the basis of American government as embodied in the Articles of Confederation and, eventually, the U.S. Constitution. In 1789, one year after the final ratification of the Constitution, Benjamin Franklin suggested that adoption of the Albany Plan might have greatly delayed the colonial separation from England and the ​American Revolution. â€Å"On Reflection it now seems probable, that if the foregoing Plan [the Albany Plan] or something like it, had been adopted and carried into Execution, the subsequent Separation of the Colonies from the Mother Country might not so soon have happened, nor the Mischiefs suffered on both sides have occurred, perhaps during another Century. For the Colonies, if so united, would have really been, as they then thought themselves, sufficient to their own Defence, and being trusted with it, as by the Plan, an Army from Britain, for that purpose would have been unnecessary: The Pretences for framing the Stamp-Act would not then have existed, nor the other Projects for drawing a Revenue from America to Britain by Acts of Parliament, which were the Cause of the Breach, and attended with such terrible Expence of Blood and Treasure: so that the different Parts of the Empire might still have remained in Peace and Union,† wrote Franklin. Britain’s Reaction to the Albany Plan of Union Fearing that if the Albany Plan was accepted, His Majesty’s Government might have a hard time continuing to control its now far more powerful American colonies, the British Crown hesitated to push the plan through Parliament. However, the Crown’s fears were misplaced. The individual American colonists were still far from being prepared to handle the self-government responsibilities demanded by being part of a union. In addition, the existing colonial assemblies ready to surrender their recently hard-won control of local affairs to a single central government. Indeed, that would not happen until well after the submission of the Declaration of Independence.   The Legacy of the Albany Plan of Union While his Albany Plan of Union had not proposed separation from Britain, Benjamin Franklin had accounted for many of the challenges the new American government would face after independence. Franklin knew that once independent of the Crown, America would be solely responsible for necessities like maintaining its financial stability, proving a viable economy, establishing a system of justice, and defending the people from attacks by Indians and foreign enemies.   In the final analysis, the Albany Plan of Union created the elements of a true union, many of which would be adopted in September 1774, when the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to set America on the road to revolution.

Essay Platos City-Soul Analogy and the Nature of Justice

What is the purpose of the city-soul analogy and does it help us understand the nature of justice? In his philosophy, Plato places a large emphasis on the importance of the idea of justice. This emphasis can be seen especially in his work ‘The Republic’ where, through his main character Socrates, he attempts to define the nature of justice and to justify this definition. One of the methods used by Socrates to strengthen or rather explain his argument on justice is through his famous city-soul analogy, where a comparison between a just city and a just soul/individual is made. Through this analogy, Socrates attempts to explain the nature of justice, how it is the virtue of the soul and is therefore intrinsically valuable to the†¦show more content†¦The component of specialization within the city-soul analogy, that of which classifies the working class as the most inferior in comparison to the ruling and guardians classes, and must succumb to the authority of the latter, raises questions to possible alternate purposes of the analogy. Perhaps, along with attempti ng to simply define the nature of justice, this analogy also attempts to pacify the portion of the city population deemed as appetitive and perhaps threatening, possibly to strengthen the political position of the philosopher-kings, a political class Plato was most likely apart of. Although Socrates is quite harsh in his definition of the working class and is straightforward in his requirement for it to succumb to the authority of its superiors, he provides a justification for the workers that allows the class to view their circumstance as inevitable or ‘natural’, thus not worth fighting against. Bernard Williams brilliantly words this view in his article ‘The Analogy of City and Soul in Plato’s Republic†: There have been those who thought that the working classes were naturally of powerful and disorderly desires, and had to be kept in their place. There have been those who thought that they were good-hearted andShow MoreRelatedPlato s View On Morality And Justice875 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s Republic proposes a number of intriguing theories, ranging from his contemporary view of ethics to political idealism. It is because of Plato’s emerging interpretations that philosophers still refer to Plato’s definitions of moral philosophy as a standard. Plato’s possibly most argued concept could be said to be the analogy between city and soul in Book IV, partially due to his expansive analysis of justice and the role justice plays in an â€Å"ideal city,† which has some key flaws. Despite theseRead MoreWhy the Philospher Should Rule (Plato)1708 Words   |  7 PagesTO BE COMPELLED AND WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE COMPULSION? 3) BE SURE TO COMMENT ON HOW THIS QUESTION IS RELATED TO THE ANSWER PLATO ATTEMPTS TO CONSTRUCT TO GLAUCONS CHALLENGE? Part 1 In Plato’s Republic, Plato sets out to prove that it is always better to be just than unjust. Doing so requires him to look into the soul of human beings. Souls by nature are difficult to examine so he suggests that he use the analogy of a city-state. Using this as an analogy suggests that finding the â€Å"ideal†Read MoreJustice Is The Legal Or Philosophical Theory Of Justice1503 Words   |  7 PagesJustice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul. Discuss. â€Å"Justice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul† and that is simply to say that justice is identical with, or inseparable with philosophy. (Cahn, Political Philosophy, 1-136) Justice is an order and duty of the parts of the soul; it is to the soul as medicine preserves the health of the body. In its current and cardinal definition is a just behavior or treatment; a concern for justice, peace, andRead MoreHarmony Within The City And Soul922 Words   |  4 PagesHarmony within the city and soul Plato’s Republic proposes numerous, intriguing theories ranging from political idealism to his contemporary view of ethics. It is because of Plato’s emerging interpretations that philosophers still refer to Plato’s definitions of moral philosophy as a standard, universally. Plato’s most argued concept could be said to be the analogy between city and soul in Book IV, and I will discuss how this could possibly due to key flaws in his assumptions, as well as failureRead MoreThe City-State Analogy in the Republic2769 Words   |  12 PagesI. Introduction Plato’s definition of justice in The Republic1 is based upon his division of the individual soul (psychÄ“) and the state (polis) into three mutually interrelated parts. In this essay I will examine the structure of Plato’s analogy between the soul and the state in order to determine whether it is able to support a meaningful definition of justice in spite of charges of circularity and incoherence that are levelled against it. I will begin by considering Plato’s argument for the divisionRead MorePlato s View On Justice And Human Nature991 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Plato’s influence on contemporary thinking can be observed in any debate regarding what kind of state we should want to live in. Central to this debate is the difference between realist and normative approaches to the topic. This tension can also be observed within Plato’s own work, for he seemingly contradicts himself manifold within The Republic and Laws on what approach to take. This essay will analyse the possible implications of this on the question of what constitutes an idealRead MoreVirtue Essays814 Words   |  4 Pagesdivides the city into three classes: gold, silver, as well as bronze and iron souls. Each class is designated to posses a specific virtue. He believes that wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice combine together to form The Republic. However, Plato’s four virtues individually do not necessarily produce a utopian society. A combination of the four in each citizen is imperative in producing the ideal society. In Plato’s search for the perfect republic, he decides that the basis of the city will beRead MorePlato s Thoughts On The Ideal Self And Government1686 Words   |  7 PagesKettlewell Plato’s Thoughts on the Ideal Self Government World Thought and Culture I Dr. Simpson Dr. Crow April 8th, 2016 â€Æ' Written in 360BC, the Republic has become Plato’s most famous piece of dialogue. Plato connects the concept of justice to happiness in a variety of fields. Understanding that virtue goes beyond reason we can understand that whilst you can know what is good, you don’t always act good. Through specific ideals of politics intertwined into his analogy of the human soul, Plato explainsRead MoreThe Moral Rationalist : An Analysis Of Self Control879 Words   |  4 Pagesthoughtfully examines how an individual’s soul can attain self-control, as well as implications it carries with it —such as its correspondence with the structure of the city, unity in having ‘stronger’ rule, and social reputations — all reasons that become riddled with fallacies as Plato comes to contradict himself such as in the liability of error and social perceptions being just. Plato, through his mouthpiece Socrates, remarks on the â€Å"ridiculous† nature of self-control (430e-431a) and is onlyRead MoreRepublic Book Iv1193 Words   |  5 Pagesthree parts of the soul in your own words as well as referring to the Republic, Book IV. In case of being corrupted by bad upbringing (441a), what is Plato’s suggestion/ solution? Explain. Do you think his solution is reasonable? Expand. In book IV Adeimantus wonders that except guardians who have the most power everyone seems happy in the city. According to Socrates in the city there is not such a duty to make rulers or guardians happy in fact their job is to provide justice and make citizen

Transcendentalism in American History

Addiction And The Effects On Human Development Essay

Addiction and the Effects on Human Development Jeralyn Bowden Lifespan Development Addiction and Human Development Capella University September, 2016 Introduction The area of lifespan development that is explained in this paper is a research-based examination in Moral development. The topic chosen focuses on how family addictions effects identity stability in young adulthood. The paper focuses on how young adulthood and moral development during the childhood are affected by addictions within the family. and the affects and choices made as the person transitions into adulthood as well as when they are adults. Drug Addiction and Pregnancy The research done in the article Drug Addiction in Pregnancy: Disease Not Moral Failure audits the hypothetical clarifications for addictive practices, portrays the pathophysiology of medication compulsion that is in charge of the anticipated side effects and practices showed by mother who misuse physician endorsed drugs and different medications, and distinguishes health interventions to effect positive results. Medical caretakers who have a working learning of this ailment will give more viable nursing consideration to the mothers they experience and are better arranged to have any kind of effect in the lives of both mothers and their kids. Better understanding by medical attendants of the elements fundamental medication fixation can possibly enhance nursing look after a mother’s dependency on drugs and results for these mothers andShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Technology1345 Words   |  6 Pagesalso developed a comfort in knowing things are constantly evolving. Techno logy is in a constant state of growth and becoming better and with technological developments comes the evolution of our own lifestyles as they continue to be laden with ease. Biologically and socially technology has come to play an unquestionable and vital role in human evolution due to how woven technology and everyday life has become. Luddite-esque arguments rage against the all-consuming machine, protesting the union betweenRead MoreThe Effects Of Addiction On Adolescent Development1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Addiction on Adolescent Development Adolescence is a time where adolescents grow and mature at a rapid rate. 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Studies in this article show that most drugs directly or indirectly cause selective elevation of dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens (NA), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the limbic system, consequently called theRead MoreThe Effects Of Gaming On The Lives Of Young People Essay861 Words   |  4 Pagesif these activities are harmful to the development and well-being of adolescents. Citing connections between video game use and increased tendencies for aggressiveness, difficulty in maintaining relationships, health problems, poor academic performance, and preoccupation of time, they argue that excessive participation in these activities can bet detrimental to many dimensions of the lives of young people. In addition to these purported numerous ill effects of gaming on the lives of adolescents,

The Disaster Planning Or Management - 1847 Words

Although there were numerous predictions that a category 4 or 5 could hit New Orleans, very little disaster planning or management was accomplished before Katrina hit in August 2005 (Lalwani, et al., 2007, p10). After Katrina made landfall August 29th, several sections of the levee system collapsed including levees protecting the Ninth Ward (Lalwani, et al., 2007, p10). The manmade MRGO channel caused the problems it was predicted; the channel increased the power and the size of the waves that destroyed many levees (Heerden, Kemp, Bea, Shaffer, Day, Morris, Fitzgerald, and Milanes, 2009, p306). By early September, people were forcibly evacuated and the storm displaced more than 1.5 million people (Lalwani, et al., 2007, p10). According to Lalwani, et al. (2007, p10), â€Å"Katrina was the most destructive and costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States,† with an estimated $75 billion worth of damage. Months after the hurricane, 3,200 people were unaccounted for and many of the low-lying areas, most of which were poor and minority neighborhoods, were still under water. People were stranded in their homes or at evacuation centers without food or water. Those in charge did not supply those in need with aid in a timely manner that is expected. According to Ripley, Bennett, Thomas, Calabresi, Donnelly, Thompson, Tumulty, Waller, Zagorin, Chu, DeQuine, and Klarreich (2005), â€Å"The first 72 hours after a disaster is the golden period. That is when victims shouldShow MoreRelatedDisaster Management Planning : Norma Valdez Rosa1760 Words   |  8 Pages Disaster Management Planning Norma Valdez-Rosa South University Online June 21, 2016 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLANNING Mitigation is taking action to reduce potential disaster damages to the community before a disaster threatens. 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Counter Terrorism-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Do you agree with T.E. Lawrence's assertion that: Granted mobility, security (in the form of denying targets to the enemy), time and doctrine (the idea to convert every subject to friendliness), victory will rest with the insurgents.Discuss. Answer: Introduction T.E. Lawrence or Lawrence of Arabia is considered one of the few leaders in military history that has been successful as a campaign planner and a military theorist. This paper entails about the war theory developed by Lawrence and his contemplation about his theatre of operations. The paper further discusses about the manner in which his war theory has been applied to assist him in planning for the Arab campaign during the World War I. The manner in which the war theory developed by Lawrence has been used to address Arabs means (use of the available resources) and ends (desired end state for the war) and the ways that have been used to implement the means to achieve such ends shall also be discussed in this paper. The effective military campaign developed by Lawrence exemplifies asymmetric warfare one of which is irregular warfare or guerilla warfare. The warfare campaign developed by Lawrence signified potential effectiveness of irregular forces as opposed to the conventional troops and demonstrated the intricacies that are faced by the conventional troops while combating the irregular forces. Background During 1914 and 1918, the Arab revolt in Palestine is perceived as a valuable addition to the British eastern campaign. Thomas Edward Lawrence was the man who developed and encouraged the Arabs campaign after which he became renowned as the Lawrence of Arabia. Lawrence was known as a practitioner of guerrilla warfare and his leadership skills in the Arab revolt is a glaring example of a classic guerilla action[1]. However, he did not lead the Arab revolt as the Arab had their command structure that they had built on their own. Lawrence gained his achievement through his contribution in the revolt as an adviser who led the Arabs struggle for independence as a fundamental and significant part of the joined campaign to triumph over Turkey. Since Lawrence possessed knowledge about military history he contemplated that the warfare strategy of the Arabs during 1916 was not in accordance with the traditional military theory. The distinctiveness in the Arabs warfare strategy led him to devel op his own warfare theory, a theory that emerged as a unique operational doctrine, concept and a campaign design. The Theory Lawrence was highly educated and while assisting the Arabs in their revolt against Turkey, he realized that the traditional notions of conventional battles were inadequate[2]. During the war, he developed his own philosophy with respect to the irregular form of warfare. Lawrence considered strategy and tactics to be mere perspectives from which the elements of war are contemplated. His perceived strategy as a warfare element that is eternal and remains the same while tactics as a warfare element that are subjected to constant change. Lawrence used these two different perspectives to assess the warfare strategies and proposed that irregular warfare comprises three essential elements namely, biological, algebraical and psychological. The algebraic element deals with known invariables and was perceived as an essential element of warfare that was mainly mathematical and technical in nature. It included factors like time and space, weapons, lines of communication, terrain, fortresses, etc. Lawrence applied the algebraic element during the Arab revolt by calculating that Turks would require six times more army to prevent the Arab troops[3]. The immense space factor was used to assess the space covered by the desert for manipulating the main targets over a long period. The time factor was utilized as a weapon against the enemy to demoralize them and undermine their strength[4]. Given the huge area that was covered by the Arabs, Lawrence assumed that it would have been impossible for the Turks troop to exercise control o ver such massive area. The biological element was applied to the human factor during the warfare, which dealt with uncertainty. He analyzed that anything that the uncertainty in the algebraic elements attributed to the actions of the individuals, thus, forming the biological element. Lawrence believed that since majority of the tactics are taught, the biological element tested the instinct of the Generals to use the most appropriate tactics against the best part of the attack. The biological element tests the relative strength of the troops[5]. Lawrence assumed that though the Turks can afford to lose the troops but cannot afford to lose their equipment along the long supply-lines. On the other hand, the Arabs could have afforded to lose few men. This incident led Lawrence to believe that unplanned hit-and-run strikes against the communication lines and supplies were more essential than opting for against the superior troops directly. This is because accurate intelligence to avoid engaging into battles wit h superior troops was a crucial strategy of this type of warfare. Lastly, the third essential element of irregular type of warfare deals with the psychological factor, which not only involves the will and mind of the two opponent forces, but also the people of the two countries involved in such warfare[6]. Lawrence considered that information operations, propaganda are crucial to the irregular warfare strategy. The printing press was analyzed to be essential for warfare as it forms as means to elevate friendly morale and at the same time, demoralize the opponent force. According to Lawrences strategy, it was important for the Arab troops to understand the fact that they are striving to cast out a foreign power for the purpose of achieving an independent homeland. However, it was not a common objective or joint motive of the European allies during such war. This strategy and belief fortified the ability of the Arab troops to endure the privations and losses of the war, thus, leading to an advantage over the Turks. On the other hand, this strategy wo rked equally well against the Turks who felt demoralized and isolated which was vital to succeed in the irregular campaign. Lawrences concept of Irregular Warfare In his thesis on Irregular warfare, he discussed six essential principles with respect to irregular warfare. Firstly, it is important for irregular forces to maintain unassailable base that is secure and which is used to operate their warfare strategies. For instance, the Arab troops operated from oasis and desert camps that acted as a secure unassailable base which was completely secure as the Turk troops could neither attack or locate such bases[7]. Secondly, the irregular force must be involved with a conventional military force or technologically sophisticated enemy. During the Arab revolt, the Arabs faced a conventional European force that was entirely dependent on modern communications, weapons and was conventionally trained. Thirdly, in order to dominate the battle area from widespread fortifications, it is important that the enemy force does not have sufficient number of men in its troops. This was evident from the lack of sufficient number of men in Turkish troops, which permitted to guard selected railway areas and important outposts only[8]. The lack of sufficient number of men in the Turkish troop led to their failure in exercising control over majority of the Arabian land sea. Fourthly, it is prerequisite that the local population supports the irregular force by providing them with relevant information about the enemy and remains loyal to such irregular forces. This is again evident from the fact that the Middle East was supportive of the Arab irregulars for they knew that they were striving to liberate themselves from the invasion of the foreign invaders, which would lead to the establishment of the Arab state. Lastly, the fifth principle states that it is important for the irregular force to have speed, presence, endurance and independent lines of supply. The reliance of the irregular forces on camels signified the presence of these features, which enabled the Arab troop to achieve initiative and maintain the same during the war[9]. The Arab forces were able to come and go anywhere they pleased without facing any impediments with respect to their roads, railways or supply lines. The significance of these principles is that the irregular force must have technical competency to combat the communication and logistics vulnerabilities of the opponent force. Analysis of the warfare means developed by Lawrence Lawrence proposed the following thesis that quite summarized its operational concept during warfare: Granted mobility, security (in the form of denying targets to the enemy), time, and doctrine (the idea to convert every subject to friendliness), victory will rest with the insurgents, for the algebraical factors are in the end decisive, and against them perfections of means and spirit quite in vain. Lawrence designed a campaign for the Arabs that excluded the Turkey forces from the Arab lands applying the algebraic element[10]. The campaign designed included the biological element as well that is evident from the fewer loss of life from the Arab troop and with the freedom of the population; he finally applied the psychological element in the campaign design. After defining the end state for his warfare campaign, Lawrence attempted to analyze the remains that were available to accomplish the designed outcome. There were two essential parts to his analysis of the means, firstly, the recognition of the available resources and its features; secondly, he aimed at designing an operational concept and a doctrine that aimed at optimizing the capabilities of the resource in order to develop effective means. Lawrence used the three essential elements (algebraical, biological and psychological) as the framework for his analysis[11]. He believed that the available resources like men, tribesmen who were though not well versed with the skilled warfare, but their endurance, knowledge about the country and individual intelligence formed algebraically, a significant part of the Arab troop. Following the recognition of the available resources, Lawrence determined the individual characteristics of the men in the in the Arab troop. He perceived them as humanity in battle, which depicted the biological element of warfare. Lawrence developed an operational concept and a fighting doctrine that are closely related to the warfare theory subsequent to the identification of the available resources and its attributes[12]. While a warfare theory aims at explaining a process, an operational concept usually refer to the broad concept that defines the operations that the Army troops are about to implement in their future battlefields. It not only serves as a part of the doctrine but is also considered as an intermediate product. The need for an operational concept was important to utilize the resources as a means. However, Lawrence laid emphasis on his three essential war elements while developing the operational concept or doctrine. Lawrence considered mobility as an advantage to reduce the effect of the numerical superiority of the Turk army and this mobility enabled the Arabs to conquer the desert, thus, giving them the depth[13]. Since the Turk army lacked mobility, they had to exercise control over fixed posts whereas the Arab troops had the opportunity to avert any confrontation with the Turk army by covering them in the desert until they consider that a particular situation is suitable for them to attack the opponent force. The mobility factor of the Arabs provided them with the time factor that is essentially an algebraically element for the doctrine of mobility as was observed by Lawrence. His doctrine of mobility asserts that the time and speed are the significant warfare strategy of the Arabs that are more powerful than attacking the opponent forces[14]. This is because range or the space factor was more powerful and greater than the power of the opponent forces. Further, Lawrence considered that it should be the primary objective of the irregular force to ensure that the opponent force is exhausted and is not left with adequate strength to fight the battle. It is highly imperative to identify the weakness or the weakest point of the combatant forces and to wait for the time when the strength of the opponent forces wears down. In order to grind down the enemy troop, Lawrence emphasized on the biological element that is, the essential resources of the Turk army. In Turkey troops, there were insufficient number of men not as worthy as their equipment[15]. Therefore, Lawrence aimed at destroying the resources of the Turk troop instead of them as the destruction of a Turkish rail bridge or machine gun was more effective than the death of the Turk men. On the other hand, at the present day, the Arab army was cautious about men and in resources as well. Lawrence adopted a war of detachment where the operational concept along with his doctrine signified a clever transformation of weakness into strength. Lawrence designed the war campaign for the Arabs in the manner that they remain a silent threat of a huge unknown desert, thus, not revealing until the opponent force is attacked[16]. Moreover, he always emphasized upon attacking the resources and not the men. The ideal strategy designed for the war was to use the smallest force within the shortest possible time at the farthest place. Lawrence aimed at relying upon intelligence in order to ensure security for his war operations. He believed that in order to achieve security from detection of the opponent force, it is important to have adequate knowledge about the opponent force. He believed that mobility along with security were necessary to refuse targets to the enemy. According to Lawrence, the concept of security includes three essential elements. The first element is intelligence, which aims at eradicating uncertainty. However, later when Lawrence realized that this was not possible, he relied on the second element that is, reserve force[17]. The second element refers to the reserves that are maintained to amend any accidental flaws with respect to the materials used during the war. The third element refers to the secure base, which is also identified as the psychological element of the war. This element was an outcome of the fact that it is not possible for the combatant forces to fight all the time, therefor e, it is essential to use a secure base area as sanctuaries[18]. According to the theory developed by Lawrence, it is important that the force must have an unassailable base, something that safeguards the force from being subject to attack or from the fear of being attacked. Secure bases in the interior of the country were essential for the long ranging raiding forces. In order to secure such areas, Lawrence relied upon the concept of arranging the minds of the people through propaganda. He used propaganda to seek support from the local population in the battle against the Turk troops[19]. According to the warfare theory, Lawrence believed that in order to secure a base area, it is important to have a friendly and supportive population. The population need not be actively friendly but must be sympathetic enough not to betray against the enemy force. This was evident from the warfare strategy adopted by the Arabs according to which, when the civilians learn to sacrifice their lives for the idea of freedom, it can be said that a province is conquered. In regards to the means available to Lawrence for influencing men to support them in their struggle for freedom against the Turk army, each of the means applied were extraordinary. According to Lawrence, the printing press was the most significant and effective weapon that could be utilized by the modern commander. He believed that the ability to use the new communication methods is always more favorable for the intellectual compared to the application of the physical methods[20]. This strategy has been demonstrated in the Arab revolt where the ability of the Arabs to influence the local populace to support them in their freedom struggle against the Turk troops through printing press and distribution of propaganda has worked in their favor, in particular, when they lacked algebraic factors. The guerilla leaders in the history have given utmost importance to the summarized thesis developed by Lawrence in fifty words as a basic warfare formula. The leaders have contemplated the significance associated with the principle rebellions have an unassailable base which ensures safety of the troops from sudden attack from opponent forces as well as safeguards them from the fear of being subjected to any such attack[21]. A secured unassailable base is a necessity during wars as it enables to remain concealed from the opponent force until the time when the troop hiding finds an appropriate time to attack against the opponent force. Such a secure base not only implies a territorial secured base but it can also be found in the support of the men when they readily sacrifice their lives for the cause of the army troops that struggles for liberation against the enemy army force[22]. The other significant part of the thesis is the doctrine to convert every subject to friendliness that is the rebellions should receive support from the local populace which may not be actively friendly but are sympathetic to the extent of not betraying to such rebel movements for the enemy army troop. He considered mobility along with security to be significant factors in warfare as it gives the army forces adequate time and opportunity to attack the enemy force and safeguard its troops for counterattacks, at the same time. The mobility and adequate security would deny the targets to the enemy, resulting in fewer losses of lives of the army force and providing them with opportunities to attack at the appropriate time. The warfare theory developed by Lawrence emphasizes on the fact that unlike other warfare strategies that aims at attacking the men in the troops, the resources of any enemy troop should be targeted to destroy every means that are available to the enemy force. This would not only demoralize the enemy force but also grind down their means of resources to plan any counterattacks, creating a situation favorable for the army force. In the Arab revolt, range proved to be better and more powerful than force as the Arabs did not have anything substantial to lose therefore they had nothing to defend. Time and speed were their trump cards instead of hitting as these factors endowed them with strategical strength instead of tactical strength[23]. Implications and Conclusion The accomplishment of Lawrence during the World War I can be examined in two areas. Firstly, Lawrences education and knowledge about military theory ensures that it is important for the military leaders to study and understand their profession[24]. It was only for his education that Lawrence could recognize that traditional war theories were not suitable in the Arab war. Secondly, it is the theory of irregular warfare that Lawrence developed himself as the theory endows with a unique idea of future war. The principles of irregular warfare developed by Lawrence are applied in the counterinsurgency (COIN) operations that are going on between the terrorists and insurgents in both Afghanistan and Iraq[25]. The principles developed and the experiences faced by Lawrence during the Arab revolt have unfolded several features of irregular warfare that are applicable in the present asymmetric conflicts. The first of such principles is time that is used as a weapon to the insurgent. The insurgents are not usually inclined to defend or seek for territories or quick victories. The insurgent aims at having lengthy campaign that usually wears down the will or moral of the stronger troop. This principle has been applied in the Vietnam War leading to their victory over the United States and France and this strategy is being applied in the present struggles between Iraq and Afghanistan. The Vietnam War demonstrates ignorance and lack of critical though of the United States towards the Communist Vietn amese. The US army neither attempted to analyze the strategic thinking of the Vietnam army leader nor attempted to conduct any biographical studies regarding the enemy leaders. The US was very ignorant about the strategy and character of the Vietnam military leader. Secondly, the international use of media is a potential weapon that can be used by irregular forces to support their struggle and shape up their opinion both at home and foreign, serve as means to recruit, obtain financial support and wear down he will of the enemy military leader[26]. Thirdly, the operation of the irregular forces in small groups instead of large formations will make it difficult for the enemy group to locate the small groups, thus, the irregular forces in small units acts as an advantage for the weaker forces. These two principles were demonstrated in the Malayan Emergency. In 1948, the Malayan Communist Party initiated an insurgency against the Malaya and British government to bring about the communist run state. Templar, the military leader emphasized on social changes, economic stability, civil relief and small unit operations. He also focused on securing the police posts all over the country and laid emphasis on capturing or turning insurgents instead of killing them, as he believed that the surrendered insurgents work with him to weaken the former comrades. Templar believed that a surrender policy through media and propaganda shall be best possible intelligence to weaken the opponent forces. Therefore, it can be stated that being a practitioner and theorist of the art of war, Lawrence signified the power of military theory that merged to develop appropriate strategy and tactics in war. He developed a guerilla warfare theory that persists to hold relevance even in the contemporary era. Thus, given the number of achievements, Lawrence stands as an ideal model for the military officers preparing them to face the challenges in the modern era, both emotionally and intellectually. Bibliography Balcells, Laia, and Stathis N. Kalyvas. "Does warfare matter? Severity, duration, and outcomes of civil wars."Journal of Conflict Resolution58.8 (2014): 1390-1418. Becker, Major Patrick J.Cavalry Operations In Support Of Low Intensity Conflict. Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015. Betts, Richard K., ed.Conflict after the Cold War: arguments on causes of war and peace. Taylor Francis, 2017. Dempsey, Major Thomas A.DESERT GUERRILLAS:: Psychological Social And Economic Characteristics Of The Bedouin Which Lend Themselves To Irregular Warfare. Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015. Farquhar, John T. "Airpower and irregular war: a battle of ideas."Air Space Power Journal31.1 (2017): 51. Gibson, Matthew. "Seven Pillars of Destruction: TE Lawrences Contribution to Counterinsurgency." (2016). Gilady, Lilach, and Sidney Smith Hall. "The Changing Face of War." (2015). Herath, Oshadhi. "Guerilla Movement as a Well Planned organization." (2015). Hoffman, Major Patricia D.Seeking shadows in the sky: the strategy of air guerrilla warfare. Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015. Jackson, Colin F. "Information Is Not a Weapons System."Journal of Strategic Studies39.5-6 (2016): 820-846. Johnson, Rob. "The First World War and the Middle East: a literature review of recent scholarship."Middle Eastern Studies54.1 (2018): 142-151. Khdour, Naser, Martin Harris, and David Weir. "The imperial legacies of TE Lawrence: A study in political and organizational hybridity."International Business Research7.8 (2014): 123. Labarre, Frdric, and Pierre Jolicoeur. "Shaping and measuring military culture development: a case study of the defence education enhancement program."Canadian Foreign Policy Journal22.2 (2016): 135-146. Lawrence, Daniel S., Thomas E. Christoff, and Justin H. Escamilla. "Predicting procedural justice behavior: examining communication and personality."Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies Management40.1 (2017): 141-154. Lawrence, Thomas Edward.27 Articles. Simon and Schuster, 2017. MORAVEC, Lud?k. "Defence Strategy."Europe(2015). MORAVEC, Lud?k. "The Afghan Mission: The Other Side of the COIN."Crisis(2015). Pye, Lucian W.Guerilla Communism in Malaya. Princeton University Press, 2015. Scheipers, Sibylle. "Counterinsurgency or irregular warfare? Historiography and the study of small wars."Small Wars Insurgencies25.5-6 (2014): 879-899. Scheipers, Sibylle. "Counterinsurgency or irregular warfare? Historiography and the study of small wars."Small Wars Insurgencies25.5-6 (2014): 879-899. Schutte, Sebastian. "Geography, outcome, and casualties: A unified model of insurgency."Journal of Conflict Resolution59.6 (2015): 1101-1128. Tabachnick, Stephen E. "TE Lawrence Correspondence."English Literature in Transition, 1880-192060.3 (2017): 380-383. van den Berg, B. C. M.American Propaganda Against the Enemy: Korea and Vietnam. BS thesis. 2017. Ward Gventer, Celeste. "Counterinsurgency and its Critics."Journal of Strategic Studies37.4 (2014): 637-663. Watts, Stephen, J. Michael Polich, and Derek Eaton. "Rapid Regeneration of Irregular Warfare Capacity." (2015). Gibson, Matthew. "Seven Pillars of Destruction: TE Lawrences Contribution to Counterinsurgency." (2016). Lawrence, Thomas Edward. 27 Articles. Simon and Schuster, 2017. Farquhar, John T. "Airpower and irregular war: a battle of ideas." Air Space Power Journal 31.1 (2017): 51. Gibson, Matthew. "Seven Pillars of Destruction: TE Lawrences Contribution to Counterinsurgency." (2016). Scheipers, Sibylle. "Counterinsurgency or irregular warfare? Historiography and the study of small wars." Small Wars Insurgencies 25.5-6 (2014): 879-899. Farquhar, John T. "Airpower and irregular war: a battle of ideas." Air Space Power Journal 31.1 (2017): 51. Khdour, Naser, Martin Harris, and David Weir. "The imperial legacies of TE Lawrence: A study in political and organizational hybridity." International Business Research 7.8 (2014): 123. Johnson, Rob. "The First World War and the Middle East: a literature review of recent scholarship." Middle Eastern Studies 54.1 (2018): 142-151. Lawrence, Daniel S., Thomas E. Christoff, and Justin H. Escamilla. "Predicting procedural justice behavior: examining communication and personality." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies Management 40.1 (2017): 141-154. Labarre, Frdric, and Pierre Jolicoeur. "Shaping and measuring military culture development: a case study of the defence education enhancement program." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 22.2 (2016): 135-146. Schutte, Sebastian. "Geography, outcome, and casualties: A unified model of insurgency." Journal of Conflict Resolution59.6 (2015): 1101-1128. Hoffman, Major Patricia D. Seeking shadows in the sky: the strategy of air guerrilla warfare. Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015. Tabachnick, Stephen E. "TE Lawrence Correspondence." English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920 60.3 (2017): 380-383. an den Berg, B. C. M. American Propaganda Against the Enemy: Korea and Vietnam. BS thesis. 2017. Balcells, Laia, and Stathis N. Kalyvas. "Does warfare matter? Severity, duration, and outcomes of civil wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution 58.8 (2014): 1390-1418. Betts, Richard K., ed. Conflict after the Cold War: arguments on causes of war and peace. Taylor Francis, 2017. Becker, Major Patrick J. Cavalry Operations In Support Of Low Intensity Conflict. Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015. Gilady, Lilach, and Sidney Smith Hall. "The Changing Face of War." (2015). Jackson, Colin F. "Information Is Not a Weapons System." Journal of Strategic Studies 39.5-6 (2016): 820-846. MORAVEC, Lud?k. "The Afghan Mission: The Other Side of the COIN." Crisis (2015). Ward Gventer, Celeste. "Counterinsurgency and its Critics." Journal of Strategic Studies 37.4 (2014): 637-663. Pye, Lucian W. Guerilla Communism in Malaya. Princeton University Press, 2015. MORAVEC, Lud?k. "Defence Strategy." Europe (2015). Herath, Oshadhi. "Guerilla Movement as a Well Planned organization." (2015). Scheipers, Sibylle. "Counterinsurgency or irregular warfare? Historiography and the study of small wars." Small Wars Insurgencies 25.5-6 (2014): 879-899. Watts, Stephen, J. Michael Polich, and Derek Eaton. "Rapid Regeneration of Irregular Warfare Capacity." (2015).

An oral presentation arguing for the legalisation Essay Example For Students

An oral presentation arguing for the legalisation Essay Youre flat on your back, on a stone cold bed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. You have no control over your body. You cannot see, hear or speak to your loved ones. Youre dieing. Your inner workings of your body are slowly but constantly diminishing and there is no cure for your disease. Even at the best of times, life is a titanic struggle. Put yourself in this position. Imagine your life is one of pain, of suffering and of anguish. Better still, Imagine your mother, or your best friend Is In this very same position. You would ant this person to be freed of these problems. You would want this person to be able to painlessly drift off into a deep sleep and leave there problems on there stone bed. You would want euthanasia to be legal. Good afternoon distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen. I do not come here with pithy arguments. Rather, I come before you with a plan. A plan to rid Australia of UN- necessary pain, suffering and anguish. A plan to stop our wasting of scarce medical resources on those who are Incurable and those who have no drive to live. Over the next 10 minutes, I will persuade each and every one of you that it is essential that euthanasia is legalized. I will do this by covering three main areas. These being the moral Justification for euthanasia, secondly the economic importance of euthanasia and finally I will discuss the basic human rights of an Individual. Ladles and gentlemen, my argument for the moral Justification of euthanasia rests on the premise of mercy and compassion, two ideals which are essential to human dignity. In most cases when a person requests euthanasia they are suffering unrelenting and continual pain, and there is no reasonable possibility of substantial covers. It is morally repugnant to watch another person suffer through humiliating helplessness and constant pain when one could prevent it. It Is widely considered humane to put animals that are permanently physically impaired to death, yet humans cannot currently receive the same mercy under the law, even when they request it. When we are confronted with suffering which is wholly destructive in its consequences and, as far as we can tell, could have no beneficial result, there is a moral obligation to end it. This moral Justification for euthanasia ties in with the economic wastage that are currently occurring. Ladles and gentlemen, this Is Muggy. Muggy was suffering from malnutrition and anorexia less than two weeks ago. Unfortunately, he was not given proper treatment for 24 hours due to there being a lack of medical resources available for treatment. Luckily, Muggy received adequate treatment Just in time. If euthanasia does not become legalized then more and more people will be forced into consuming our doctors time and medical resources. Next time, Muggy might not be so lucky. Ladles treatments and it is because of this that we must priorities. We must allocate these resources to those who have a good chance of recovery and a desperate want to live. We must legalese euthanasia. Ladies and gentlemen, we live in a country that prides itself on upholding basic human rights. Rights to personal opinions, rights to voting and rights to religious choices. Yet in the midst of these human rights, the Australian government has chosen to deprive its citizens of the most basic right known. The choice to life. How can we, as proud Australians, claim to live in a free country, when we are not given he right to chose to end our own lives when it becomes so unbearable. How can we settle for so many elderly Australians being forced to live a life of pain, suffering and anguish? .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a , .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a .postImageUrl , .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a , .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a:hover , .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a:visited , .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a:active { border:0!important; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a:active , .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u07b1a08af652aef5144a757270ce856a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nationalism and patriotism EssayTogether, we need to develop, establish and integrate safe programs that allow people the right to choose their destiny. It is about time the Australian government realized the legitimacy of these arguments and the reality that so many Australians are facing. It is about time Australians had the choice to end a life of pain, suffering and anguish. So to conclude ladies and gentlemen, this argument does not rest itself on pithy homes, rather, it rests itself on the premise of mercy and compassion, two ideals which are essential to human dignity. It is not UN-ethical or immoral to legalese euthanasia. Rather it is immoral to give patients no option but to endure a life of pain, of suffering and of anguish. As Martin Luther King once said l am not sure I would have wanted my children to live a life of torment and abuse, so I dared to stop it. Lets not force our children to endure this same suffering if they are terminally ill without a cure, lets give them the chance for peace and happiness, lets give our children a choice. I dare you!